A Universal indicatoris apH indicatorcomposed of asolutionof several compounds that exhibits several smoothcolourchanges over apHvalue range from 1-14 to indicate theacidityor basicity of solutions. Although there are a number of commercially available universal pH indicators, most are a variation of a formula patented byYamadain 1923.^[1]Details of this patent can be found inChemical Abstracts.^[2]Experiments with Yamada's Universal Indicator are also described in the Journal of Chemical Education.^[3]

There are now also available wide range pH test papers with distinct colours for each pH from 1 to 14. Colour matching charts are supplied with the specific test strips purchased. The universal indicator is made from magnesium hydroxide with a pH value of 4.

A universal indicator is typically composed of water,propan-1-ol,phenolphthaleinsodium salt, sodium hydroxide,methyl red,bromothymol bluemonosodium salt, andthymol bluemonosodium salt.^[4]The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding a universal indicator are:

pH range	Description	Colour
0-3	Strong acid	Red
3-6	Acid	Orange/Yellow
7	Neutral	Green
8-11	Base	Blue
11-14	Strong base	Violet/Purple

simply put a piece of testing strip onto/into the object/liquid, result comes out within

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